SAE/J3016/Level 4

• Level 4 — High automation

  • Level 4 of SAE/J3016. The system drives with no human in a limited area or set of conditions, such as a mapped city. If something goes wrong it pulls over on its own. Most robotaxis sit here.

  • Systems at this level

    • Waymo, from Alphabet, runs driverless rides in Phoenix, San Francisco, Los Angeles, Austin and other cities
    • Zoox, from Amazon, runs a purpose-built robotaxi with no steering wheel in Las Vegas, with a smaller public service in San Francisco
    • Baidu Apollo Go, Pony.ai and WeRide run driverless robotaxis in China
    • Cruise, from GM, ran driverless rides in San Francisco until GM shut the robotaxi business down in December 2024